Current Issue
2022 Vol. 9, No. 6
Display Method:
Topic: Construction of Lunar Research Station’s
( Professor YU Dengyun, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation;Professor WANG Dayi, Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering;Professor WANG Yongfu, Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology)
2022, 9(6): 553-559.
doi:10.15982/j.issn.2096-9287.2022.20210061
Abstract:
In this article, the general principles of lunar building, including demand-orientation, intensive planning module extension, in-situ utilization, and Earth-Moon combination were discussed. Based on the two different construction environments of the moon surface and the moon pit, the “Clover” and the “Red Star” lunar building schemes were systematically proposed, and main key construction technologies needed to be broken through in advance were provided.
In this article, the general principles of lunar building, including demand-orientation, intensive planning module extension, in-situ utilization, and Earth-Moon combination were discussed. Based on the two different construction environments of the moon surface and the moon pit, the “Clover” and the “Red Star” lunar building schemes were systematically proposed, and main key construction technologies needed to be broken through in advance were provided.
2022, 9(6): 571-578.
doi:10.15982/j.issn.2096-9287.2022.20220072
Abstract:
Landing site selection is an important part of the design of an exploration mission. The correctness of site selection result directly determines whether the detector can successfully complete the mission, and also determines the important basis for the design of each sub-system in the program design process. In this paper, the site selection method of the lunar south pole exploration landing area was introduced, the topography and illumination characteristics of the lunar south pole were analyzed, the principle of site selection was formulated, the influencing factors and constraints of site selection were analyzed in detail, and introduces the engineering the site selection method using coarse-to-precise strategy, combined with the site selection results, and 5 landing sites were selected initially, which will provide reference for the design of future lunar exploration missions.
Landing site selection is an important part of the design of an exploration mission. The correctness of site selection result directly determines whether the detector can successfully complete the mission, and also determines the important basis for the design of each sub-system in the program design process. In this paper, the site selection method of the lunar south pole exploration landing area was introduced, the topography and illumination characteristics of the lunar south pole were analyzed, the principle of site selection was formulated, the influencing factors and constraints of site selection were analyzed in detail, and introduces the engineering the site selection method using coarse-to-precise strategy, combined with the site selection results, and 5 landing sites were selected initially, which will provide reference for the design of future lunar exploration missions.
2022, 9(6): 560-570.
doi:10.15982/j.issn.2096-9287.2022.20220099
Abstract:
The construction of a lunar scientific research station is an inevitable mean for carring out in-depth lunar scientific exploration and realizing the large-scale development and utilization of lunar resources. Restricted by the depth of human cognition of the Moon and the development level of existing space technology, the implementation of the task of building a lunar scientific research station still faces many technical difficulties. At present, with the in-depth research of artificial intelligence technology and the rapid development of its integrated application in various fields, new ideas have been brought to solve the above technical problems. In the paper the construction concept, system composition, mission characteristics and technical challenges faced by the lunar scientific research station were analyzed. On this basis, artificial intelligence technologies such as intelligent fusion perception, collaborative control, path planning, fault detection, decision planning and human-computer interaction etc. in these typical application scenarios were discussed, which will provide reference for the implementation of for the construction of lunar scientific research stations and manned Moon landing missions.
The construction of a lunar scientific research station is an inevitable mean for carring out in-depth lunar scientific exploration and realizing the large-scale development and utilization of lunar resources. Restricted by the depth of human cognition of the Moon and the development level of existing space technology, the implementation of the task of building a lunar scientific research station still faces many technical difficulties. At present, with the in-depth research of artificial intelligence technology and the rapid development of its integrated application in various fields, new ideas have been brought to solve the above technical problems. In the paper the construction concept, system composition, mission characteristics and technical challenges faced by the lunar scientific research station were analyzed. On this basis, artificial intelligence technologies such as intelligent fusion perception, collaborative control, path planning, fault detection, decision planning and human-computer interaction etc. in these typical application scenarios were discussed, which will provide reference for the implementation of for the construction of lunar scientific research stations and manned Moon landing missions.
2022, 9(6): 579-588.
doi:10.15982/j.issn.2096-9287.2022.20220073
Abstract:
In view of the harsh environment of low temperature and low light in the lunar polar region, as well as the long-term observation mission requirements of the lunar scientific research station, combined with the composition and construction objectives of the lunar scientific research station, a set of muti-type distributed energy system architecture was proposed. By adopting standardized, modular and scalable design concepts a solar energy system based on nuclear reactor power generation and photovoltaic power generation, and a medium-sized energy system based on isotope power generation and photovoltaic power generation, and a small energy system based on intelligent battery packs were built to achieve long-life, high-power, highly reliable, stable and continuous power supply, solve the problems of large power level span and numerous power types were solved, and the long-term stable supply demand of energy for lunar scientific research station was met. At the same time, the wired grid connected power supply technology and wireless energy transmission technology were adopted to realize energy sharing and power expansion among various energy systems. The multi-channel energy management method based on hierarchical management was adopted to solve the energy balance problem between the top, middle and bottom levels involved in independent health management of energy, and the mission support ability of the lunar scientific research station was enhanced.
In view of the harsh environment of low temperature and low light in the lunar polar region, as well as the long-term observation mission requirements of the lunar scientific research station, combined with the composition and construction objectives of the lunar scientific research station, a set of muti-type distributed energy system architecture was proposed. By adopting standardized, modular and scalable design concepts a solar energy system based on nuclear reactor power generation and photovoltaic power generation, and a medium-sized energy system based on isotope power generation and photovoltaic power generation, and a small energy system based on intelligent battery packs were built to achieve long-life, high-power, highly reliable, stable and continuous power supply, solve the problems of large power level span and numerous power types were solved, and the long-term stable supply demand of energy for lunar scientific research station was met. At the same time, the wired grid connected power supply technology and wireless energy transmission technology were adopted to realize energy sharing and power expansion among various energy systems. The multi-channel energy management method based on hierarchical management was adopted to solve the energy balance problem between the top, middle and bottom levels involved in independent health management of energy, and the mission support ability of the lunar scientific research station was enhanced.
2022, 9(6): 589-595.
doi:10.15982/j.issn.2096-9287.2022.20220040
Abstract:
To deal with the limitation of the measurement and control link caused by occlusion in the detection in the lunar south polar region, a scheme of simultaneously applying two four-way relay measurement models was designed and the role of two-way and four-way measurement models in the lunar probe orbit determination and positioning in terms of the combination of observations and noise level was analyzed, The results show that simultaneous application of the two four-way models has better constraints on the orbiting accuracy of the two satellites, the relay satellite is more sensitive to the noise of the two-way model, the noise sensitivity of the low-orbit satellite and the lander is related to the number of four-way observations, and the positioning accuracy of the lander is related to the orbiting accuracy of the two satellites, which can provide a reference for the application of the relay measurement model in the fourth phase of the lunar exploration project.
To deal with the limitation of the measurement and control link caused by occlusion in the detection in the lunar south polar region, a scheme of simultaneously applying two four-way relay measurement models was designed and the role of two-way and four-way measurement models in the lunar probe orbit determination and positioning in terms of the combination of observations and noise level was analyzed, The results show that simultaneous application of the two four-way models has better constraints on the orbiting accuracy of the two satellites, the relay satellite is more sensitive to the noise of the two-way model, the noise sensitivity of the low-orbit satellite and the lander is related to the number of four-way observations, and the positioning accuracy of the lander is related to the orbiting accuracy of the two satellites, which can provide a reference for the application of the relay measurement model in the fourth phase of the lunar exploration project.
2022, 9(6): 596-605.
doi:10.15982/j.issn.2096-9287.2022.20220071
Abstract:
According to the requirements of major engineering tasks such as manned lunar landing, lunar base construction and lunar scientific research, the in-situ resource utilization technology was used to build a lunar surface resource supply station with certain material and energy supply capacity and break through key technologies such as in-situ water ice photo-thermal extraction, in-situ oxygen production, in-situ energy storage and power generation, and in-situ construction of the lunar surface, so as to realize the construction of residential protective cabins necessary for astronauts' lunar presence and activities and in-situ acquisition and supply of water oxygen, fuel and other materials, as well as light, heat, electricity and other energies, which will promote the development of China's lunar scientific research and development activities, and gradually realize lunar surface settlement and scientific research ability free from dependence on Earth's supply dependence.
According to the requirements of major engineering tasks such as manned lunar landing, lunar base construction and lunar scientific research, the in-situ resource utilization technology was used to build a lunar surface resource supply station with certain material and energy supply capacity and break through key technologies such as in-situ water ice photo-thermal extraction, in-situ oxygen production, in-situ energy storage and power generation, and in-situ construction of the lunar surface, so as to realize the construction of residential protective cabins necessary for astronauts' lunar presence and activities and in-situ acquisition and supply of water oxygen, fuel and other materials, as well as light, heat, electricity and other energies, which will promote the development of China's lunar scientific research and development activities, and gradually realize lunar surface settlement and scientific research ability free from dependence on Earth's supply dependence.
2022, 9(6): 606-616.
doi:10.15982/j.issn.2096-9287.2022.20220078
Abstract:
The fourth phase of the lunar exploration project is planning to carry out lunar soil water ice drilling mission in the permanently shadowed area of the south pole of the Moon. It is of great significance to obtain the mechanical-soil mechanical properties of soil water ice in the deep low temperature environment for the development of mining and exploration tools. Facing the new research object of lunar soil water ice, simulated lunar soil with similar mineral composition and particle size to polar lunar soil water ice was prepared in this paper for cutting test. The liquid nitrogen bath cutting load test platform was first developed and the cutting test conditions of deep-low temperature lunar soil water ice simulators were established. On this basis, the cutting load tests of lunar soil water ice simulators were carried out. The cutting load data under different cutting depth, different sample temperatures and different sample water content were obtained, which can provide reference for the development of drilling sampling machine.
The fourth phase of the lunar exploration project is planning to carry out lunar soil water ice drilling mission in the permanently shadowed area of the south pole of the Moon. It is of great significance to obtain the mechanical-soil mechanical properties of soil water ice in the deep low temperature environment for the development of mining and exploration tools. Facing the new research object of lunar soil water ice, simulated lunar soil with similar mineral composition and particle size to polar lunar soil water ice was prepared in this paper for cutting test. The liquid nitrogen bath cutting load test platform was first developed and the cutting test conditions of deep-low temperature lunar soil water ice simulators were established. On this basis, the cutting load tests of lunar soil water ice simulators were carried out. The cutting load data under different cutting depth, different sample temperatures and different sample water content were obtained, which can provide reference for the development of drilling sampling machine.
2022, 9(6): 617-624.
doi:10.15982/j.issn.2096-9287.2022.20220067
Abstract:
Water is the most important resource for in-situ resource utilization（ISRU）in future deep space exploration. To solve the fundamental problems of water ice exploitation and utilization in extraterrestrial planets, an integrated method of soil drilling and water extraction from icy lunar regolith was proposed in this paper. A pilot-scale experimental facility is developed where a cryogenic environment is built in a vacuum chamber. The full processes for water extraction are studied, including soil drilling, photo-thermal heating, vapor condensation and water decomposition. Correspondingly, four key components are fabricated, including a sealed, drilling device, a photo-thermal heating device, a vapor condensation and droplet collection device, and an electro-catalysis water decomposition device. A systematical study is performed in the pilot-scale facility. The integrated procedure of water extraction and utilization is well operated. The drilling process transports the lunar regolith at a speed over 1.7 kg/h with a low power consumption of less than 100 W. The water extraction rate is about 26.6 g/h when the water content of lunar regolith is 6%, while the total gas flow rate in the electro-catalysis device is 12.6 g/h. This study validates the reliability of drilling-based thermal water extraction technology from lunar regolith in cryogenic condition, which can be referenced for future engineering programs.
Water is the most important resource for in-situ resource utilization（ISRU）in future deep space exploration. To solve the fundamental problems of water ice exploitation and utilization in extraterrestrial planets, an integrated method of soil drilling and water extraction from icy lunar regolith was proposed in this paper. A pilot-scale experimental facility is developed where a cryogenic environment is built in a vacuum chamber. The full processes for water extraction are studied, including soil drilling, photo-thermal heating, vapor condensation and water decomposition. Correspondingly, four key components are fabricated, including a sealed, drilling device, a photo-thermal heating device, a vapor condensation and droplet collection device, and an electro-catalysis water decomposition device. A systematical study is performed in the pilot-scale facility. The integrated procedure of water extraction and utilization is well operated. The drilling process transports the lunar regolith at a speed over 1.7 kg/h with a low power consumption of less than 100 W. The water extraction rate is about 26.6 g/h when the water content of lunar regolith is 6%, while the total gas flow rate in the electro-catalysis device is 12.6 g/h. This study validates the reliability of drilling-based thermal water extraction technology from lunar regolith in cryogenic condition, which can be referenced for future engineering programs.
2022, 9(6): 625-632.
doi:10.15982/j.issn.2096-9287.2022.20220090
Abstract:
In future lunar surface roaming and inspection missions, considering the some adverse factors on the lunar surface, such as rugged road conditions, lack of structured scenes, poor surface texture and so on, a method of active re-observation of historical landmarks was proposed to improve positioning accuracy of lunar rover lidar. Firstly, the significance of the point cloud landform in the current detection field was studied and judged at the fixed time, and re-observed landmarks were extracted. The trigger time of re-observation was determined according to the position and attitude estimation of the real-time monitoring inspector. Finally, point cloud matching algorithm was used to obtain the accurate position and attitude. Simulation results show that the active re-observation method fuses the historical position and attitude estimation of the system with uses the historical position and attitude estimation of the system with current observations, suppresses data drift caused by noise, and improves positioning accuracy of the lunar rover.
In future lunar surface roaming and inspection missions, considering the some adverse factors on the lunar surface, such as rugged road conditions, lack of structured scenes, poor surface texture and so on, a method of active re-observation of historical landmarks was proposed to improve positioning accuracy of lunar rover lidar. Firstly, the significance of the point cloud landform in the current detection field was studied and judged at the fixed time, and re-observed landmarks were extracted. The trigger time of re-observation was determined according to the position and attitude estimation of the real-time monitoring inspector. Finally, point cloud matching algorithm was used to obtain the accurate position and attitude. Simulation results show that the active re-observation method fuses the historical position and attitude estimation of the system with uses the historical position and attitude estimation of the system with current observations, suppresses data drift caused by noise, and improves positioning accuracy of the lunar rover.
2022, 9(6): 633-640.
doi:10.15982/j.issn.2096-9287.2022.20220081
Abstract:
The external cables of Mars landing rover faces the extreme temperature, after “Tianwen-1” Mars landing rover lands on the surface of Mars. In allusion to cables would harden at low temperature, the materials of electric couplers and wires more easily damage when rotating at low temperature, the experiment method of low temperature adaptability of rotating cables is designed, to verify the adaptability and rotating performance of cables at Mars low temperature. The experimental results have testified that the cable assembly including electric couplers, wires and auxiliary materials are structurally integrated and electrically reliable after rotating at low temperature of Mars. Furthermore, the cables of spacecraft have experienced in-orbit flight, and have further evidenced the availability of this experiment method, and provide experiment method and technical support for the adaptability of cables to complex thermal environments of subsequent deep-space exploration.
The external cables of Mars landing rover faces the extreme temperature, after “Tianwen-1” Mars landing rover lands on the surface of Mars. In allusion to cables would harden at low temperature, the materials of electric couplers and wires more easily damage when rotating at low temperature, the experiment method of low temperature adaptability of rotating cables is designed, to verify the adaptability and rotating performance of cables at Mars low temperature. The experimental results have testified that the cable assembly including electric couplers, wires and auxiliary materials are structurally integrated and electrically reliable after rotating at low temperature of Mars. Furthermore, the cables of spacecraft have experienced in-orbit flight, and have further evidenced the availability of this experiment method, and provide experiment method and technical support for the adaptability of cables to complex thermal environments of subsequent deep-space exploration.
