Is the State of Nature a Fact or Hypothesis?—Taking Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau as an Example
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摘要:自然状态是近代西方政治哲学和法理学的理论基石和逻辑出发点。自然状态学说的发展史就是一部人类权利观念的发展史。霍布斯、洛克和卢梭各自赋予自然状态概念以不同的内涵,但都将自然状态视为一种人类的非政治的存在状态,认为人类最初生活于自然状态中,人类成立政治社会是为了更好地保护自然权利。他们的自然状态概念其实都是一种思想实验或理论假设,这并不妨碍以之为前提的逻辑论证的有效性。自然状态作为一种论证方式充分体现了历史与逻辑的统一。他们提出自然状态学说的目的不是为了再现历史上人类的原初状况,而是为了论证政治社会起源的根据。Abstract:The state of nature is the theoretical cornerstone and logical starting point of modern western political philosophy and jurisprudence. The development history of the theory of natural state is a development history of human rights. Despite Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau give different connotations to the concept of the state of nature, they all regard the state of nature as a non-political state of human existence in which human beings originally lived. And political society is established to better protect natural rights. Their concept of the state of nature is actually a kind of thought experiment or theoretical hypothesis, and this does not affect the validity of the logical argument which is based on the premise. As a way of argumentation, the state of nature fully embodies the unification of history and logic. The purpose of their proposed doctrines of the state of nature is not to reproduce the original state of human beings in history, but to demonstrate the reason of the origin of political society.
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Key words:
- state of nature/
- hypothesis/
- Hobbes/
- Locke/
- Rousseau
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