The 1944 Chicago Convention and Legal Basis of Air Defence Identification Zones under Public International Law
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摘要:防空识别区是与一国防空预警和国家安全密切相关的特殊空域,在此空域内飞行的航空器被要求接受识别区设立国的预先识别、定位与管控。自美国与加拿大最初设立防空识别区之日起,与之相关的国家实践已走过60余年的历程,但防空识别区的国际法律地位却一直未见明朗。目前规范与调整国际航空领域的主要国际法规则为1944年《芝加哥公约》及其相应附件。对国际社会若干典型防空识别区实践的考察与分析表明,防空识别区的主体规则与《芝加哥公约》及其附件2相协调,而公约序言与第4条已经为识别区的设立提供了潜在的国际法依据。设立防空识别区存在正当的国际法基础,同时也存在相应的国际法约束,与国际法相协调的防空识别区实践具有发展成为国际习惯的趋势。Abstract:Air Defense Identification Zones(ADIZs) are special areas of airspace closely linked with a state's early warning system of its air defense and national security. Ready identification, location and certain control of aircraft are required in ADIZs by the establishing state. It has been more than 60 years since the first ADIZs were established by the U.S. and Canada. That said, the legal status of ADIZs is still not clear enough under public international law. Currently, the rules and principles enshrined in the 1944 Chicago Convention and its Annexes are the main international norms that regulates international aviation activities. Examination and analysis of the typical ADIZ regimes indicate that the main rules of ADIZs are not inconsistent with the Chicago Convention and its Annexes. Moreover, the Convention has provided potential legal ground for the establishment of ADIZs. In short, the establishment of ADIZs is provided with legitimate ground and legal basis under international law, and at the same time it is subject to the constraints and conditions set by international law. The ADIZ practice which is consistent with international law may develop into international customary in the future.
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