Estimate on Environment External Cost of Motor Vehicle in Beijing
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摘要: 针对噪声污染、大气污染、气候变化、土地资源占用等4种主要机动车环境污染，通过定量方法测度2006-2014年北京市机动车的环境外部成本。结果表明：机动车环境污染代价不仅受实际污染量、剂量暴露率等因素影响，还受当地疾病成本、人均收入、碳税价格和心理预期费用等机会成本因素约束，不同的成本体系测算出来的污染代价差异显著。以北京当地成本为例，2006年起北京机动车环境总代价有缓慢上升趋势，年平均增长6.7%，其中空气污染占比最大。环境总代价占当年GDP的比重平均约为0.56%，但污染的相对代价有所减少，且呈现下降趋势。机动车限制政策对环境污染影响有正面的影响效果，2012年以后这种效果逐步减弱。在此基础上，在政策层面认为应通过技术手段，改善机动车尾气污染；增加降噪设备，规范行为；加强重污染天气的预报等综合性手段，以控制机动车的外部性污染问题。Abstract: While making the travel more convenient,motor vehicle has brought us serious environmental pollution,for example noise pollution,air pollution,climate change,the occupation of land resources,etc. As for these four types of environmental pollution,with quantitative method,we measured the external cost of the motor vehicle in Beijing from 2006-2014. The result shows that the cost of environmental pollution caused by motor vehicle is not only influenced by the actual pollution and dose exposure rate,but also affected by opportunity costs,for instance the local cost of diseases,per capita income,the price of carbon tax,psychological expectation cost and so on. Different costs of pollution can be worked out by varied cost systems. Based on the local cost accounting system of Beijing,we figured out a slow increase in the total environmental cost of motor vehicle in Beijing since 2006,with an average annual growth rate of 6.7%. Among these types of pollution,the air pollution took up the highest proportion. The relative cost of pollution which resulted from motor vehicle has declined. The total environmental cost accounted for 0.56% in the GDP of that year and showed a downward trend since 2012. It reflects the positive effects of motor vehicle restrictive policies.Finally,from policy view, It is necessary for us to adopt a comprehensive approach to governance, including the use of technical means to improve vehicle exhaust emissions, install noise reduction equipment, regulate behavior, and strengthen the prediction of heavy pollution weather in order to control the external pollution of motor vehicles.
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